The Synapse – last call for submissions

The second installment of The Synapse, the neuroscience carnival, will be held right here this coming Sunday, on July 9th. Please send your submissions to me by Saturday night at 8pm EDT at: Coturnix1 AT aol DOT com.

What is Freedom?

George Lakoff has a new book out – Whose Freedom?: The Battle Over America’s Most Important Idea. You can read short blurbs and reviews on Rockridge Isntisute site, Salon and Washington Post. I have placed it on my wish list as well.

Do you homeschool?

Next edition of the Carnival of Homeschooling will be hosted by Why Homeschool next Tuesday. Send your submissions by 6pm PST on Monday for the inclusion in the carnival.

Cloning – what’s the big deal?

First, there were The Boys From Brazil
cloned%20Hitler%20boysfromBrazil.jpg
not to mention a lof of other science fiction:
cloned%20babies.jpg
like, for example, the cloned dinosaurs of the Jurassic Park:
cloned%20dinoasurs%20-%20jurassic%20park.jpg
Then came Dolly, the cloned sheep:
clone_dolly.jpg
Then came the AskThe ScienceBlogger weekly question: On July 5, 1996, Dolly the sheep became the first successfully cloned mammal. Ten years on, has cloning developed the way you expected it to?…

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Talking Right

I just finished listening to Fresh Air on NPR. Terry Gross had an interview with Geoffrey Nunberg whose book, Talking Right: How Conservatives Turned Liberalism into a Tax-Raising, Latte-Drinking, Sushi-Eating, Volvo-Driving, New York Times-Reading, Body-Piercing, Hollywood-Loving, Left-Wing Freak Show just came out. As you know, I am interested in the way the Right has appropriated English language in the US so I listened carefully. You can also hear the podcast (a little later today, I assume) and read a little excerpt from the book on the link above.
While most of what he said is pretty much the same as his University-mate Lakoff says (and interestingly, I did not catch them mentioning Lakoff during the show), I was surprised when he stated that everything comes out of language. Everything else he says implies the opposite – its starts with the human mind, and is converted to language by political wordsmiths like Frank Luntz. Thus, language becomes the element in the feedback loop that reinforces what the mind already thinks, but it is not the starting point of that loop.
Anyway, I have placed the book on my wish list as I cannot afford it right now and I’d like to hear any comments from readers who get to read the book before I do.

Nationalism and Patriotism

OK, today I’d like you to superimpose a couple of very different articles that all look at the difference between patriotism and nationalism, but each from a different angle and see if, and how, they inform each other. First, I’d like you to read one of my old posts (which I may decide to re-post here one day, but for now, check it out on my old blog) – Nationalism is not Patriotism. That would be a bare-bone introduction to political psychology of patriotism and nationalism:

Why is there a widespread belief that the difference between patriotism and nationalism is one of degree: loving one’s country versus loving it even more? I think that the difference is not quantitative but qualitative – the phrase “love for one’s country” used by the two kinds of people (patriots and nationalists) is based on very different meanings of the words “love”, “for”, “one” and “country”.

Now, let’s move from bare bones to the results of some real research on the topic, ably dissected and distilled by Chris in Two Types of Patriotism:

To these people, the political landscape in the U.S. is composed of two villages, one populated by patriots, and the other by America haters. There doesn’t seem to be any room in between, and a patriot seems to be defined as adopting a less than critical attitude towards one’s country. For me, this raises interesting questions about what patriotism is, and as a psychologist, questions about the psychological makeup of a patriot. Since today’s the 4th of July, it seems like a good time to talk about a little of what I’ve learned.

Small Grey Matters responds to Chris’ post with one of his own – What are authoritarians like?:

One of the many interesting findings to come out of the behavioral genetics literature is that the heredity of political orientation (defined in terms of variables such as conservatism vs. liberalism, right-wing authoritarianism, etc.) is about as high as that of general intelligence and most major personality dimensions-typically around 50-65%. That’s to say, over half of the variance in questionnaires including items such as “Our country needs a powerful leader to overthrow the radical and immoral values that are present in today’s society” is attributable to genetic influences (most of the remainder is due to unique, or non-shared, environmental influences).

I think that the idea that psychological traits related to political orientation are heritable is true, but NOT VIA GENES! It is inherited via a developmental process. Conservatives raise their children in such a way that their emotional development results in them becoming conservatives when they grow up, thus perpetuating the trait across generations – that is the definition of inheritance. And it is not teaching conservatism directly – it is providing an environment in which a child will develop conservative traits.
Furthermore, ideologically like-minded people tend to live in the same place – thus the broader community (village, church, school, local media, etc.), not just parents, adds to the developmentally important aspects of the social environment. In a sense, it is niche-construction – a trait results in the modification of the environment in a way that favors the perpetuation of that same trait. Move to a different environment (e.g., college town, Europe), and different traits develop which build a different environment which favors that new (liberal) trait. No DNA is involved here at all. I have touched on this many times before on my blog (see, for instance this post).
Finally, once you have absorbed lessons from Chris’ post, apply his analysis to the symbolism in some ‘patriotic’ songs, provided to you by Josh in What isn’t clear about ‘This Land is Your Land’?:

My (least) favorite line: “I’m proud to be an American where at least I know I’m free.” “At least”? Really? We could basically boil the song down to “America: sufficiently better than Russia.” This isn’t patriotism, it’s blind nationalism. And the difference is instructive. Why exactly Lee Greenwood wants God to bless America is really left to the imagination of the reader, and it’s not clear that Greenwood has a good idea beyond that it’s where he happens to live.

Now you have academic and instinctual all tied together and you really grok the difference between nationalism and patriotism, don’t you?

Why Is Academia Liberal?

Why Is Academia Liberal?When I posted this originally (here and here) I quoted a much longer excerpt from the cited Chronicle article than what is deemed appropriate, so this time I urge you to actually go and read it first and then come back to read my response.

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Refreshing Skepticism

The Coca-Cola edition of the Skeptic’s Circle is now up on Skeptic’s Rant.

Nikola Tesla Quotes, Vol.3

“Science is but a perversion of itself unless it has as its ultimate goal the betterment of humanity.”
“Let the future tell the truth, and evaluate each one according to his work and accomplishments. The present is theirs; the future, for which I have really worked, is mine.”
“Even matter called inorganic, believed to be dead, responds to irritants and gives unmistakable evidence of a living principle within. Everything that exists, organic or inorganic, animated or inert, is susceptible to stimulus from the outside.”
On Invention: “It is the most important product of man’s creative brain. The ultimate purpose is the complete mastery of mind over the material world, the harnessing of human nature to human needs.”
“Like a flash of lightning and in an instant the truth was revealed. I drew with a stick on the sand the diagrams of my motor. A thousand secrets of nature which I might have stumbled upon accidentally I would have given for that one which I had wrestled from her against all odds and at the peril of my existence.”
“Before I put a sketch on paper, the whole idea is worked out mentally. In my mind I change the construction, make improvements, and even operate the device. Without ever having drawn a sketch I can give the measurements of all parts to workmen, and when completed all these parts will fit, just as certainly as though I had made the actual drawings. It is immaterial to me whether I run my machine in my mind or test it in my shop. The inventions I have conceived in this way have always worked. In thirty years there has not been a single exception. My first electric motor, the vacuum wireless light, my turbine engine and many other devices have all been developed in exactly this way.”
“George Westinghouse was a man with tremendous potential energy of which only part had taken kinetic form. Like a lion in the forest, he breathed deep and with delight the smoky air of his Pittsburgh factories. Always affable and polite, he stood in marked contrast to the small-minded financiers I had been trying to negotiate with before I met him. Yet, no fiercer adversary could have been found when aroused. Westinghouse welcomed the struggle and never lost confidence. When others would give up in despair, he triumphed.”
On Voltaire: “I had a veritable mania for finishing whatever I began, which often got me into difficulties. On one occasion I started to read the works of Voltaire when I learned, to my dismay, that there were close on one hundred large volumes in small print which that monster had written while drinking seventy-two cups of black coffee per diem. It had to be done, but when I laid aside the last book I was very glad, and said, “Never more!” (Nikola Tesla, “My Inventions: the autobiography of Nikola Tesla”, Hart Bros., 1982. Originally appeared in the Electrical experimenter magazine in 1919.)
“In our dynamo machines, it is well known, we generate alternate currents which we direct by means of a commutator, a complicated device and, it may be justly said, the source of most of the troubles experienced in the operation of the machines. Now, the currents, so directed cannot be utilized in the motor, but must – again by means of a similar unreliable device – be reconverted into their original state of alternate currents. The function of the commutator is entirely external, and in no way does it affect the internal workings of the machines. In reality, therefore, all machines are alternate current machines, the currents appearing as continuous only in the external circuit during the transfer from generator to motor. In view simply of this fact, alternate currents would commend themselves as a more direct application of electrical energy, and the employment of continuous currents would only be justified if we had dynamos which would primarily generate, and motors which would be directly actuated by, such currents.” (Adopted from T.C. Martin, “The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla,” New Work: Electrical Engineer, 1894, pp. 9-11.)
Sources:
Frank Germano
Quote of the Day
ThinkExist

It’s Conservatism, Stupid!

Again, an article echoing Lakoff’s argument, with which I agree:
Why Conservatives Can’t Govern:

If leaders consistently depart in disastrous ways from their underlying political ideology, there comes a point where one has to stop just blaming the leaders and start questioning the ideology.
The collapse of the Bush presidency, in other words, is not just due to Bush’s incompetence (although his administration has been incompetent beyond belief). Nor is it a response to the president’s principled lack of intellectual curiosity and pitbull refusal to admit mistakes (although those character flaws are certainly real enough). And the orgy of bribery and special-interest dispensation in Congress is not the result of Tom DeLay’s ruthlessness, as impressive a bully as he was. This conservative presidency and Congress imploded, not despite their conservatism, but because of it.

Credit Card Coke Machines!

Oh-oh! As if I needed yet another way to mess up my credit rating! Now, they are rolling out Coke machines that take credit cards! The way I drink Coke, this is a path to sure bankrupcy!
I always wanted to install a sink in my kitchen with three faucets: cold water, hot water and cold Coke, piped in straight from the nearest Coke factory. As much Coke as I have consumed to date, the CocaCola company should just provide me with free Coke (and free delivery) for the rest of my life – I deserve it – I singlehandedly kept their company afloat over all these years. Thus, there is no need to install a Cokemeter for my third faucet….

I and the Bird #27

The first anniversary edition of I and the Bird is up on 10000 birds.

Carnival of Education

74th edition of the Carnival of Education is up on NYC Educator

Nature on Science Blogs

Journal Nature has published a short article about science blogging. You do not need a subscription to read it – you can find it here.
In it, they highlight Top 5 science blogs according to Technorati rankings. Those five are, quite deservingly, Pharyngula, Panda’s Thumb, Real Climate, Cosmic Variance and Scientific Activist. Interestingly, three of the top five are group blogs, and all five delve, either partically or entirely, on various religiously and politically motivated attacks on science. I guess this is what sells better than pure science commentary, for good reasons, and the blogs covering a greater variety of topics understandably draw greater crowds.
They also posted a list of Top 50, which you can find here. They say that 22 our of those 50 are SEED sciencebloggers.
They had a somewhat strange criterion for inclusion on the list, based on a somewhat dubious definiton of a “working scientist”. Thus, some of the best blogs that are most certainlly ‘science blogs’ are either not on the list, or relegated to an additional list of blogs by writers who write about science, where you can find Carl Zimmer and Phil Plait among others.
PZ, Alex, Tara and John Lynch have already posted their commentary on the Nature’s list.
I was happy to see myself on the list, on the 20th spot. Apparently, they used the Technorati rankings of Circadiana (14,920) to determine this, although they linked to this blog. My blog would have moved somewhat up or down the list if they chose instead to go with the rankings of Science And Politics (3,229), A Blog Around The Clock (15,456), or The Magic School Bus (35,258).
I have on my Bloglines currently more than 450 science or science-related blogs. I used to make big link-fests covering the science blogosphere. If you check out the last such linkfest it also links back to all the previous editions. Perhaps I should do another one soon. All the spotlight is on the SuperPopular blogs. I’d like you to explore some less-well-known yet excellent other science blogs, so check out those old linkfests.
Update: Josh, Mike, Hsien, Mark, Chad, Nick, Ana, Nuthatch, Frank, Osame, Jeremy, Monado, Dave and Reed also chime in .
And Orac – watch out, he is in the most dangerous 6th spot!
M.C. and Julian chime in…
Update 2: Phil Plait, Carl Zimmer and Revere have some good commentary.
Matt, Steve Rubel, John Wilkins, Curious Cat, John Scalzi take note.

Books: “Evolution’s Rainbow” by Joan Roughgarden

Books: 'Evolution's Rainbow' by Joan RoughgardenI wrote this book review back on February 18, 2006. Under the fold…

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Nikola Tesla Quotes, Vol.2

“Our virtues and our failings are inseparable, like force and matter. When they separate, man is no more.”
“The scientists of today think deeply instead of clearly. One must be sane to think clearly, but one can think deeply and be quite insane.” (Modern Mechanics and Inventions. July, 1934)
“The scientific man does not aim at an immediate result. He does not expect that his advanced ideas will be readily taken up. His work is like that of a planter — for the future. His duty is to lay foundation of those who are to come and point the way.”
“Universal peace as a result of cumulative effort through centuries past might come into existence quickly — not unlike a crystal that suddenly forms in a solution which has been slowly prepared.”
“The practical success of an idea, irrespective of its inherent merit, is dependent on the attitude of the contemporaries. If timely it is quickly adopted; if not, it is apt to fare like a sprout lured out of the ground by warm sunshine, only to be injured and retarded in its growth by the succeeding frost.”
“My method is different. I do not rush into actual work. When I get a new idea, I start at once building it up in my imagination, and make improvements and operate the device in my mind. When I have gone so far as to embody everything in my invention, every possible improvement I can think of, and when I see no fault anywhere, I put into concrete form the final product of my brain.”
On Marconi: “The greatest men of science have told me [the Tesla coil] was my best achievement. . . . For instance, a man fills this space with hydrogen; he employs all my instrumentalities, everything that is necessary, but calls it a new wireless system–I cannot stop it. Another man puts in here a kind of gap. He gets a Nobel prize for it. . . . The inventive effort involved is about the same as that of which a 30-year old mule is capable.”
On George Westinghouse: “George Westinghouse was, in my opinion, the only man on this globe who could take my alternating-current system under the circumstances then existing and win the battle against prejudice and money power. He was a pioneer of imposing stature, one of the world’s true nobleman of whom America may well be proud and to whom humanity owes an immense debt of gratitude.” (Speech, Institute of Immigrant Welfare, Hotel Baltimore, New York, May 12, 1938, read in absentia.)
“We are confronted with portentous problems which can not be solved just by providing for our material existence, however abundantly. On the contrary, progress in this direction is fraught with hazards and perils not less menacing than those born from want and suffering. If we were to release the energy of the atoms or discover some other way of developing cheap and unlimited power at any point of the globe this accomplishment, instead of being a blessing, might bring disaster to mankind… The greatest good will come from the technical improvements tending to unification and harmony, and my wireless transmitter is preeminently such. By its means the human voice and likeness will be reproduced everywhere and factories driven thousands of miles from waterfalls furnishing the power; aerial machines will be propelled around the earth without a stop and the sun’s energy controlled to create lakes and rivers for motive purposes and transformation of arid deserts into fertile land…” (Nikola Tesla, “My Inventions: the autobiography of Nikola Tesla”, Hart Bros., 1982. Originally appeared in the Electrical experimenter magazine in 1919.)
Sources:
Frank Germano
Quote of the Day
ThinkExist

Tangled Liberals

Tangled Bank #56 is up on e3, Information Overload
New Carnival of the Liberals is up on Uncredible Hallq

Tau Mutation in Context

Blogging on Peer-Reviewed Research

hamster.jpgI got several e-mails yesterday about a new study about the molecular mechanism underlying circadian rhythms in mammals (“You gotta blog about this!”), so, thanks to Abel, I got the paper (PDF), printed it out, and, after coming back from the pool, sat down on the porch to read it.
After reading the press releases, I was in a mind-frame of a movie reviewer, looking for holes and weaknesses so I could pounce on it and write a highly critical post, but, even after a whole hour of careful reading of seven pages, I did not find anything deeply disturbing about the paper. Actually, more I read it more I liked it, my mood mellowed, and I am now ready for a long rambling post about it – I have no idea how is it going to end, but let’s go on a journey together….and let me start with a little background – the Big-Picture-kind of background – before I focus on the paper itself.

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Medicine at home?

Grand Rounds 4th of July version (Vol. 2 No. 41.) is up on Rangel MD.
Week 27 of the Carnival of Homeschooling is up on Tami’s blog.

Blogs and the Future of Science


Blogs and the Future of ScienceThis was one of my first posts about blogging, and THE first about the impact of blogging technolgoy on science. A lot of time has passed since then. There are several science-related carnivals now, not just Tangled Bank. There are SEED scienceblogs. It is fun to look back at my first raw thoughts and see if, or how much, I was right or wrong on specifics. Under the fold….

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Biological Clocks in Protista

Writing a chronobiology blog for a year and a half now has been quite a learning experience for me. I did not know how much I did not know (I am aware that most of my readers know even less, but still….). Thus, when I wrote about clocks in birds I was on my territory – this is the stuff I know first-hand and have probably read every paper in the field. The same goes for topics touching on seasonality and photoperiodism as my MS Thesis was on this topic. I feel equally at home when discussing evolution of clocks. I am also familiar with the clocks in some, but not all, arthropods. And that is all fine and well….but, my readers are anthropocentric. They want more posts about humans – both clocks and sleep – something I knew very little about. So, I have learned a lot over the past year and a half by digging through the literature and books on the subject. I was also forced to learn more about the molecular machinery of the circadian clock as most newsworthy (thus bloggable) new papers are on the clock genetics.
I know almost nothing about clocks in plants, fungi or fish, for instance, but I intend to learn – both for my own sake and for the sake of my blog readers. Actually, I started digging through the literature taxon by taxon some while ago, pretty much on two tracks: one covering the Invertebrates (like this and this), the other on microorganisms.
It is interesting to see how much I have regurgitated textbook dogma and conference hallway “truths” in my initial post on the clocks in microorganisms, only to have to contradict myself once I actually delved into the literature and learned for myself (see the series here: one, two, three, four and five).
I bet the same thing is going to happen next, as I am embarking on the literature on the clocks in Protista. I wish I could have a copy of Cellular and Molecular Bases of Biological Clocks: Models and Mechanisms for Circadian Timekeeping by Leland N. Edmunds, an excellent book that contains a lot of infromation on the clocks in protists. However, it is expensive, and although it is on my amazon wish list, I doubt anyone will splurge on it for me.
chlamy5.jpgSo, over the next couple of months, expect a series of posts on the clocks in protists. From the old textbooks and conference lore, I believe that one of the first (if not THE first) circadian mutation was discovered in the Chlamydomonas, belonging to the group of green algae (recently moved into the Kingdom Plantae, but I will treat it as a Protist for the purposes of my series) which was an important laboratory model early in the development of the field.
Euglena.JPGPeople like Leland Edmunds have worked out a lot of cell biology of clocks in the Paramecium (Ciliata) and Euglena (Flagellates).
acetabularia.jpgThe most astonishing results came from some 1950s studies in the Acetabularia, another green alga, in which rhythms persisted in the absence of the cell nucleus. The studies were repeated in early 1990s, yet to this day there is no good explanation of the findings – I am looking forward to reviewing that part!
Starting on my literature search, I discovered that some work was also done on Rhodophyta (red algae), e.g., this and this.
gonyalax.jpegMost of the work in protists, however, was performed on Lingulodinium polyedrum, much better known by its old name Gonyaulax polyedra. It was initially studied by one of the pioneers of chronobiology, J.Woodland Hastings. ‘Woody’, as he is known, had many graduate students who, after leaving his lab, took Gonyaulax with them and did further research for many years. Several very important findings, with implicaitons for the whole field of chronobiology, came out of that research on Gonyaulax.
Unfortunately, the way science funding is going these days, when even fruitfly researchers are complaining, little to no research is currently done on clocks in protista – all those researchers have moved to mice and rats in order to get their work funded. I hope this situation changes in the future. Protists are such a huge and diverse group of organisms, they are bound to keep many cool secrets we should try to uncover.

Nikola Tesla Quotes, Vol.1

“The last 29 days of the month [are] the hardest.”
“Today’s scientists have substituted mathematics for experiments, and they wander off through equation after equation, and eventually build a structure which has no relation to reality.” (Modern Mechanics and Inventions, July, 1934)
“The spread of civilisation may be likened to a fire; First, a feeble spark, next a flickering flame, then a mighty blaze, ever increasing in speed and power.”
“I do not think there is any thrill that can go through the human heart like that felt by the inventor as he sees some creation of the brain unfolding to success… Such emotions make a man forget food, sleep, friends, love, everything.”
“Of all the frictional resistance, the one that most retards human movement is ignorance, what Buddha called “the greatest evil in the world.” The friction which results from ignorance can be reduced only by the spread of knowledge and the unification of the heterogeneous elements of humanity. No effort could be better spent.”
“No matter what we attempt to do, no matter to what fields we turn our efforts, we are dependent on power. We have to evolve means of obtaining energy from stores which are forever inexhaustible, to perfect methods which do not imply consumption and waste of any material whatever. If we use fuel to get our power, we are living on our capital and exhausting it rapidly. This method is barbarous and wantonly wasteful and will have to be stopped in the interest of coming generations.”
On Edison: “If Edison had a needle to find in a haystack, he would proceed at once with the diligence of the bee to examine straw after straw until he found the object of his search. I was a sorry witness of such doings, knowing that a little theory and calculation would have saved him ninety per cent of his labor.” (New York Times, October 19, 1931.)
On Mark Twain: “I had hardly completed my course at the Real Gymnasium when I was prostrated with a dangerous illness or rather, a score of them, and my condition became so desperate that I was given up by physicians. During this period I was permitted to read constantly, obtaining books from the Public Library which had been neglected and entrusted to me for classification of the works and preparation of the catalogues. One day I was handed a few volumes of new literature unlike anything I had ever read before and so captivating as to make me utterly forget my hopeless state. They were the earlier works of Mark Twain and to them might have been due the miraculous recovery which followed. Twenty-five years later, when I met Mr. Clemens and we formed a friendship between us, I told him of the experience and was amazed to see that great man of laughter burst into tears.” (Nikola Tesla, “My Inventions: the autobiography of Nikola Tesla”, Hart Bros., 1982. Originally appeared in the Electrical experimenter magazine in 1919.)
“War cannot be avoided until the physical cause for its recurrence is removed and this, in the last analysis, is the vast extent of the planet on which we live. Only through annihilation of distance in every respect, as the conveyance of intelligence, transport of passengers and supplies and transmission of energy will conditions be brought about some day, insuring permanency of friendly relations. What we now want is closer contact and better understanding between individuals and communities all over the earth, and the elimination of egoism and pride which is always prone to plunge the world into primeval barbarism and strife… Peace can only come as a natural consequence of universal enlightenment…” (Nikola Tesla, “My Inventions: the autobiography of Nikola Tesla”, Hart Bros., 1982. Originally appeared in the Electrical experimenter magazine in 1919.)
Sources:
Frank Germano
Quote of the Day
ThinkExist

Positively Philosophical Brains

The first edition of Encephalon, neuroscience carnival, is up on Neurophilosopher’s blog.
The new Philosophy Carnival is up on Adventures in Ethics and Science.
The first edition of the International Carnival of Pozitivities, carnival by HIV-positive bloggers, is up on 2sides2ron.

ClockTutorial #2a: Forty-Five Years of Pittendrigh’s Empirical Generalizations

From the Archives
This is the third in the series of posts designed to provide the basics of the field of Chronobiology. This post is interesting due to its analysis of history and sociology of the discipline, as well as a look at the changing nature of science. You can check out the rest of Clock Tutorials here.

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Circadian Quackery

Believe me, I love the word “circadian”. It is a really cool word, invented by Franz Halberg in the late 1950s, out of ‘circa’ (Latin – “about”) and diem (“a day”), to denote daily rhythms in biochemistry, physiology and behavior generated by the internal, endogenous biological clocks within living organisms.
It’s been a while since the last time I found someone mistaking the word for ‘cicada’ which is a really cool insect. ‘Circadian’ has become quite common term in the media and, these days increasingly, in popular culture. Names of some bands contain the word. A few blogs’ names contain the word. I guess the word has cool modern scientific connotations, sounds like something from Star Trek, and on top of it has the ever-alluring association to the shape of the circle and the endless cycle of Time. Thus, it has the New-Agey air of a mix of scientific and mystical to it.
That does not mean that people know what the word means. I’ve seen quite a lot of confusion about the meaning of it on blogs and elsewhere. It was just a matter of time until the word was misappropriated by quacks. And yes, it has happened. I have recently found two examples of medical quackery with the word “circadian” prominently displayed. Let me show you why both are utterly wrong and what is the commonality between the two: [under the fold]

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Nikola Tesla’s Personality

This is a quick, rough translation of an article that ran in a Serbian newspaper a few days ago. It is written by a professor of psychology at the University of Belgrade, Prof.Dr.Zarko Trebjesanin, whose book about psychology of Tesla just got published in Belgrade. Posthumous psychoanalyzing is always suspect, but it is usually harmless and fun:

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Thank you, thank you, thank you!

Well, our big Scienceblogs DonorsChoose action is officially over. Our readers have donated a total of $22,554.38. This was matched by SEED Media with additional $10,000. Readers of Pharyngula, Stranger Fruit, Evolgen, Questionable Authority, Cognitive Daily and Terra Sigillata funded their challenges to completion. For each one of those, DonorsChoose adds another 10%, which, in this case, adds up to $1447.30. Thus, the total raised is $34,001.68.
I would also like to particularly thank my readers who donated – there may not be many of them, but those who donated were very generous, pitching in a total of $1,167.45 and completing 11 out of 25 projects. I was too ambitious, but hey, you stepped to the plate and helped 11 teachers bring science to their students. If you are one of those donors, do not forget that there will be prizes and to put yourself in the hat, you need to forward your DonorsChoose confirmation e-mail to sb.donorschoose.bonanza@gmail.com.
Just because the Big Drive is over, does not mean that you cannot donate in the future. It only means we are not going to collectively bother you every day with begging (like NPR pledge drives!), nor there will be prizes. Still, there are many unfinished projects on DonorsChoose. I will keep the little thermometer thingy on the sidebar at least for some time, so if you ever feel generous, you can always put a couple of bucks there:

Bio-History in Mendel’s Grand Tavern

The second edition of Mendel’s Garden, the genetics carnival, is up on Genetics and Health Blog.
The first issue of Bio::Blogs, a carnival of bioinformatics is up on Public Rambling
History Carnival XXXIV is up on Chapati Mystery.
The new Pediatric Grand Rounds are to be found on Breath Spa for Kids.
The 71st Tar Heel Tavern, the North Carolina carnival, is up on Slowly She Turned (e-mail me if you want to host next week or in the future!).

Wealthy white people get more sleep

I did not find it surprising. If you have money, you can buy yourself time – to exercise, to eat a good meal at a nice restaurant or to fix healthy food at home, and to sleep as much as your body needs. As a result, you will be healthier overall. You can read about the study here (hat-tip:Sleepdoctor)

Etymology of “journalism”

It all has to do with a day, from journeys to circadian rhythms.

Klingons Killed in an Ambush in Iraq

See for yourself.

Neuroscience carnivals

Yes, there are two neurocarnivals. They occur on alternate weeks.
So, if you have written something this past week, send your entry to the Encephalon which will be posted on Neurophilosopher’s blog on 3rd July, 2006.
Posts you write afterwards, during next week (or, if you really, really, really hate Neurophilosopher and really, really, really, love me), send to me for the inclusion in the next edition of the Synapse, to be held right here on July 9th, 2006.
Both carnivals are listed on Blogcarnival.com so you can use their automated submission forms.

The trees, the trees, I speak for the trees!

The first edition of the Festival of the Trees, the blog carnival of tree lovers, is up on Via Negativa. It is huge and beautiful!

Only The Crumbliest Flakiest Coturnix!

Get your own slogan – just type in your name (or whatever word you want) and click …The Advertising Slogan Generator does the rest for you. As it did for me – just check the title of this post.
Update: Ha! I knew other sciencebloggers were gonna love this. And here they are, generating their own slogans: Grrrlscientist, PZ and Afaranesis (so far)! And Chris.
Oh, and I did a few more myself:
Try Quail, You’ll Like It.
Get In My Bora.
The Cream of Sleep.
The Coolest Circadian on Ice.
I am Stuck on Circadian, ‘Cause Circadian’s Stuck on Me.
Bet You Can’t Eat Clock.

DonorsChoose – last 12 hours!

Go here to see what the best strategy is for maximizing the impact. We have raised $14,913.09. SEED is adding $10,000. And DonorsChoose will add 10% for each blogger’s completed challenge, so click on that link to see whose challenges are the easiest to finish.

Stats

3 weeks
159 posts: that is 53 per week – a suit of cards with a Jocker – or roughly 7.5 posts per day! You have to click on Archives – June 2006 to see them all!
268 comments
17 trackbacks
$582.52 raised for DonorsChoose (9 of the 15 projects fully funded)
Technorati Rank: 15,376 (245 links from 135 sites), which is nice drop down from around 32millionth three weeks ago.
Visits: 46,379 (daily average 722) – according to Sitemeter, about 30% more by Google Analytics
Pageviews: 57,120 (daily average 1,101)

Kevin in China, part 6 – The Mystery Snake

Kevin went to another place and kept catching a snake he cannot identify. Read more under the fold….

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The Political Brain

The Political Brain
This post was initially published on September 16, 2004. It takes a critical look at some UCLA studies on brain responses of partisan voters exposed to images of Bush and Kerry:

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Friday Weird Sex Blogging – Penis Fencing

Penis_fencing_insemination.jpgSome flatworms, for instance these pretty Pseudobiceros hancockanus, engage in penis fencing. Both individuals are hermaphrodites, i.e., have both male and female organs. The penis is white, pointed and two-headed. Both individuals are trying to inseminate the other. The one who is inseminated has to bear and lay eggs – a more expensive proposition. The one who “won” the fencing bout and did the insemination can move on and fence some other guys and on and on, “fathering” many progeny until happenning onto a better fencer, getting inseminated, and spending the rest of the life as “mother”.

Animalia

Circus of the Spineless #10 is up on Science And Sensibility.
Friday Ark #93 is up on Modulator.

Superman

After reading this review, I really want to go and see the new movie.

DonorsChoose Update – the last push!

There is only one day left in our DonorsChoose action. To see the strategy that will yield the greatest benefit to the teachers and their students, go to Janet’s blog.

All Politics Is Local

This week, it took me quite a while to figure out how to answer the Ask a ScienceBlogger question: “What are some unsung successes that have occurred as a result of using science to guide policy?”
As a relative newcomer to the United States, and even more a newcomer to American politics, I was not around long enough to pay attention to various science-driven policies of the past. Most of what I know are far from “unsung” successes – from Manhattan Project, through Clean Air and Clean Water acts, to the EWndangered Species Act, to the international Kyoto Protocol. Dealing with DDT, DES, thalidomide is also well-known. The space program is quite well sung! Various policies in other countries are also well known at least to the local population.
So, I thought, I should probably take a look at some issues that, informed by science, became policy at the state or local level. Then, my wife reminded me about the topic I know something about, as I have written about it several times before, e.g., here, here and here.
That’s right. Forward-looking school systems in reality-based communities around the country have, over the last several years, implemented a policy that is based on science – sending elementary school kids to school first in the morning, middle-schoolers next, and high-schooler last. This is based on the effects of puberty on the performance of the human circadian clock. For teenagers, 6am is practically midnight – their bodies have barely begun to sleep. Although there have been some irrational (or on-the-surface-economics-based) voices of opposition – based on conservative notions of laziness – they were not reasonable enough, especially not in comparison to the scientific and medical information at hand, for school boards to reject these changes.
So, click on the links above for my long-winded rants on the topic, both the science part and the policy part. I am very happy that my kids are going to school in such an enlightened environment, and I am also happy to note that every year more school systems adopt the reasonable starting schedules based on current scientific knowledge.

Clocks, cell cycle and cancer

This is in the bread-mold Neurospora crassa. It is unlikely to be universal. I expect to see the connection in some protists and fungi, perhaps in some animals. I am not so sure about plants, and I am pretty sure it is not like this in Cyanobacteria in which the cycle of cell division is independent from circadian timing:
Novel connection found between biological clock and cancer

Hanover, NH–Dartmouth Medical School geneticists have discovered that DNA damage resets the cellular circadian clock, suggesting links among circadian timing, the cycle of cell division, and the propensity for cancer.
——-snip———
One gene (period-4) was identified over 25 years ago by a mutation that affects two clock properties, shortening the circadian period and altering temperature compensation. For this study, the researchers cloned the gene based on its position in the genome, and found it was an important cell cycle regulator. When they eliminated the gene from the genome, the clock was normal, indicating that the mutation interfered in some way with the clock, rather than supplying something that the clock normally needs to run.
Biochemically, the mutation results in a premature modification of the well understood clock protein, frequency (FRQ). The investigators demonstrated that this was a direct result of action by an enzyme, called in mammals checkpoint kinase-2 (CHK2), whose normal role is exclusively in regulating the cell division cycle. CHK2 physically interacts with FRQ; the mutation makes this interaction much stronger. However, a mutant enzyme that has lost its activity has no effect on the clock.
Normally CHK2 is involved in the signal response pathway that begins when DNA is damaged and results in a temporary stoppage of cell division until the damage is fixed. The researchers found that the resetting effect of DNA damage requires the period-4 clock protein, and that period-4 is the homolog, the Neurospora version, of the mammalian checkpoint kinase.
Moreover, the clock regulates expression of the period-4 gene. This closes a loop connecting the clock to period-4 and period-4 to the clock and the cell cycle. The clock normally modulates expression of this gene that encodes an important cell cycle regulator, and that cell cycle regulator in turn affects not only the cell cycle but also the clock.
Recent evidence in mammalian cells shows that other cell cycle regulators physically interact with clock proteins. Loss of at least one clock protein (mammalian period-2) is known to increase cancer susceptibility. The coordination of the clock and cell division through cell cycle checkpoints, supports the clock’s “integral role in basic cell biology,” conclude the researchers.” Their work can help advance understanding of cancer origins as well as the timing of anti-cancer treatment.

The ecology of the Church

I hope you have heard the Diane Rehm Show on NPR this morning at 10EDT (the first hour of the show). The guest was the presiding Episcopal Bishop-Elect Katharine Jefferts Schori, the first woman to lead the Episcopal Church. She is an amazing woman. You should listen to the show here (Real Audio) or here (Windows Media) (the best parts are starting at about 8th minute). I especially liked the way her training in oceanography influences the way she looks at the world and the way her church should be organized.
For instance, she is aware that greater species diversity makes an ecosystem more robust and more resistant to disruption. Thus, she is afraid of a religiously unifrm society – she used the metaphor of a monoculture, where having a large plot of land covered in just one crop requires a huge investment in fertilizers, insecticides and work – all unneccessary in a diverse environment.
Another interesting example she used was one about the humpbacks whales. Apparently, individual whales from all around the world leave their groups and travel to a spot close to Hawaii a couple of times a year. There, they sing their songs and, as they listen to each other they modify their songs. They learn songs from each other. In the end, they all together make a single song which is a combination of the individual original songs they brought to the meeting. Then, each whale swims home and teaches neighbors the new song. There, in each locality, the song changes over time as diffeernt individuals make changes to it. Then, the whales go to a Hawaian meeting again with their new songs and make a new song again. She sees this as a model for how the church should operate – bringing the voices of the people to a bishops’ meeting, where they write policy, which affects people who respond to it, and so on and one, constantly being modified through this interchange between the clergy and their flocks.

Why fish in the Arctic seas do not freeze?

Here is a wonderful new study that demonstrates that the antifreeze substances in notothenioid fish are not produced by the liver as was believed for decades and taught in Comparative Physiology courses. Instead, it is produced in two places: most of it in the exocrine pancreas, and somewhat less in a portion of the stomach at the entry of the esophagus:

…..AFGPs are secreted into the intestinal lumen where they protect the intestinal fluid from being frozen by ice crystals that come in with seawater and food. Internal fluids in notothenioids are about one-half as salty as seawater. While seawater reaches its freezing point at -1.91 degrees Celsius, fish fluids freeze at about -1 degree Celsius. These species dwell in water that rarely rises above the freezing point and is regularly filled with ice crystals.
From the intestine, the AFGPs are, apparently, absorbed into the blood. This hypothesis is based on the near-identical composition and abundance of AFGPs found in the fish serum.

They also looked at other groups of Arctic fish, in some of which liver does produce antifreeze susbtances. In those species, the antifreeze was now also found to be secreted by the stomach and pancreas as well.

Sleep Experiment in Space

The absence of light-dark cycles in space (e.g., on the shuttle or space station) results in disruptions of sleep. It has been proposed that humans who spend prolonged time in space are suffering from jet-lag – the internal desynchronization of clocks in various tissues.
A new experiment on the space station will take a somewhat different strategy than usual. Instead of measuring EEG (brain activity), it will monitor EKG (heart activity) over a period of 150 days.
The idea, brought by Irish researchers, is that EEG monitoring is not capable of measuring internal desynchronization of the myriads of clocks in our body. If the astronauts are indeed jet-lagged, this may not be apparent from the measurement of brain function which presumably follows the timing of the main pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The new approach will also look at the timing of peripheral oscillators to see if they are out of sync with the brain – which would be the true marker of jet-lag.

It’s hard teaching evolution in public schools in some places

Evolution’s Lonely Battle in a Georgia Classroom:

OCCASIONALLY, an educational battle will dominate national headlines. More commonly, the battling goes on locally, behind closed doors, handled so discreetly that even a teacher working a few classrooms away might not know. This was the case for Pat New, 62, a respected, veteran middle school science teacher, who, a year ago, quietly stood up for her right to teach evolution in this rural northern Georgia community, and prevailed.
She would not discuss the conflict while still teaching, because Ms. New wouldn’t let anything disrupt her classroom. But she has decided to retire, a year earlier than planned. “This evolution thing was a lot of stress,” she said. And a few weeks ago, on the very last day of her 29-year career, at 3:15, when Lumpkin County Middle School had emptied for the summer, and she had taken down her longest poster from Room D11A — the 15-billion-year timeline ranging from the Big Bang to the evolution of man — she recounted one teacher’s discreet battle.

She appears to be an excellent teacher, covering every unit in biology within an evolutionary context. She prevailed only because Georgia science standards explicitely endorse teaching of evolution. Her supervisors were not supportive, though, until she threatened to sue, at which point they suddenly turned 180 degrees and were all sugar and spice. She only did it when she decided to retire anyway, though.
Now imagine if the state did not have those standards, which almost happened…. Read the rest

Kevin in China, part 5 – His Legend Preceeds Him!

The fifth installment just came in – read under the fold. (Oh, and BTW, I was wrong – the installments ARE in the correct chronological order)

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Assault on (Higher) Education – a Lakoffian Perspective

Assault on (Higher) Education - a Lakoffian PerspectiveThis post was first written on October 28, 2004 on Science And Politics, then it was republished on December 05, 2005 on The Magic School Bus. The Village vs. The University – all in your mind.

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